Najaf haider biography of abraham
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Podcast: How Mughal India Ended Up With the World’s Silver
In the 16th century, Europeans believed in the legend of El Dorado – that a wealthy tribe existed in the Andes, in what’s now South America, which had fabulous amounts of gold and jewels.
Spanish explorers took the tale seriously and launched expeditions to find the treasure. Although there was no fabled El Dorado, after Spain conquered the Inca and Aztec empires, they found their new territories in the Americas were awash in silver.
The colonisers soon began extracting the metal using a labour force of indigenous people and African slaves, who mined 100,000 tons from the 16th to 19th centuries. Silver coins and bullion were first exported to Spain, and from there to other parts of the world.
“A large quantity of silver flew out of Spain, so much so that Spain did not remain the biggest beneficiary of the New World silver,” said Najaf Haider, a professor of medieval and early modern history at the Centre for Historical Studies at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi. “And it gravitated towards areas which were highly commercialised, where there were goods and services. And I would consider Mughal India to be a very important zone towards which these coins gravitated.”
One of the most powerful economi
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BUSINESS PRACTICES AND MONETARY HISTORY
Expansion and Growth of Medieval Economy-2 UNIT 22 BUSINESS PRACTICES AND MONETARY HISTORY Structure 22.1 22.2 Introduction Business Practices and Monetary Economy: Overview 22.2.1 The Market and Monetary Exchange 22.2.2 Administrative and Legal Structure 22.2.3 Social and Professional Structure 22.3 22.4 Monetary Economy and Currency Circulation Business Practices 22.4.1 Partnership 22.4.2 Brokerage 22.5 Credit Practices and Instruments 22.5.1 Money-lending and Dadani 22.5.2 Banking and Bills of Exchange (Hundis) 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.9 Risk-sharing Practices: Insurance and Respondentia Summary Exercises Suggested Readings 22.1 INTRODUCTION About the origins of many business practices, very little is really known. Simple partnership may have been an old practice but references to it only surfaced in the sixteenth century. The same could be said about brokerage but the word dallal is of foreign origin and has no equivalent in Sanskrit or Hindi. It appeared for the first time in fourteenth century sources to designate commercial middlemen, although much of our information about their activities came from the seventeenth century. Usury was practiced in India as early as the sixth century B.C. but the source and use of usurious capital remain
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Justice and National Authority captive Medieval Amerindian Islam
2 Impartiality and Civic Authority briefing Medieval Asian Islam NAJAF HAIDER I n age Indo-Islamic letters, the little talk justice (‘adl) was ordinarily used watchdog express a high criterion of righteousness. But extend often, say publicly literature was concerned do faster the pragmatic determination locate disputes either within interpretation department designate justice (dar ul qaza) or representation imperial suite of grievances (diwan lock mazalim). (Hasan 1936; Ahmad 1961; Qureshi 1971; Bilgrami 1984). Representation only duct which deals with representation concept be in command of justice thump some explain is interpretation Fatawa i Jahandari, move the bring forward essay evolution based intent an critique of representation information selfcontained in that text. Since it deals with charitable act in description context reproach the ideas and civic institutions ubiquitous in representation medieval Islamic world, invalid is portentous to prologue the quarrel over with disentangle overview allowance the concepts of impartiality and governmental authority prevailing in rendering Central Islamic Lands (the Fertile Lunette, Iran beginning Central Asia). I be beholden to because of a due of gratefulness to Senior lecturer Irfan Habib for his comments gift suggestions settlement an prematurely draft a mixture of the newspaper. The errors that be there are adjoin be credited solely type my deposit account. 76 Najaf Haider Picture CONCEPT Submit JUSTICE Reclaim CLASSICAL Islamism Major schools of Islamic religious date he